Iraq's caretaker premier Adel Abdel Mahdi contended Tuesday that he received signed copies of a letter the U.S. had said was only an unsigned draft describing steps America's military would take to leave Iraq.
Here is a look at what shape a withdrawal could take.
How could troops withdraw?
A senior U.S. military official had told AFP that a hypothetical withdrawal would take weeks, but could be shortened to days in an emergency situation -- like being ordered out immediately by Iraq's government.
Cargo planes would transport equipment by air while troops would likely drive out through the south to Kuwait.
The Monday letter apparently mistakenly sent by U.S. Brigadier General William Seely to the Iraqi government said the U.S.-led coalition would be "repositioning forces in the coming days and weeks to prepare for onward movement."
Jack Watling of the Royal United Services Institute said: "The coalition would need to map out travel routes, sequence evacuation plans for troops, civilians and contractors and decide what equipment and documents to bring, abandon or destroy."
What is happening on the ground?
The Pentagon swiftly denied there was a plan to leave Iraq, saying the letter was still a draft and was unsigned.
But Iraqi premier Adel Abdel Mahdi said late Tuesday he had received the previous day signed and translated copies discussing "redeploying with an aim to withdraw from the country."
"The expressions were very clear," he told his cabinet.
He also noted that preliminary versions of the letter received in Arabic and English contained spelling mistakes, which were duly corrected by the U.S., at the behest of the Iraqis.
The letter said helicopters would be flying around Baghdad's Green Zone where the U.S. embassy is located as part of the departure arrangements.
AFP could hear helicopters flying low over Baghdad throughout the night on Monday and Tuesday night.
On Tuesday, Germany said 30 soldiers based in Baghdad and a nearby airbase would "shortly" be moved to Jordan and Kuwait, "together with soldiers from other countries."
Canada said some of its estimated 500 troops in Iraq will be moved temporarily to neighboring Kuwait.
A French government source said Tuesday it had no plans to withdraw its forces.
But a European diplomat said a withdrawal of U.S. troops would necessitate all coalition forces leaving Iraq.
NATO on Tuesday announced it was temporarily taking "some personnel" out of Iraq for safety reasons.
Iraq's parliament has voted in favor of foreign troops leaving and Abdel Mahdi has told U.S. ambassador Matthew Tueller and NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg that the government wanted to see its vote through.
Why are foreign troops still in Iraq?
Thousands of foreign troops are deployed across Iraq as part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the U.S.-led coalition formed to fight the Islamic State group.
In 2014, the Iraqi Foreign Ministry issued an urgent appeal to the United Nations Security Council for help to roll back IS, which was sweeping across Iraq.
The coalition sent troops and special forces to Iraq to "advise and assist" Iraqi forces as they fought IS.
Their deployment was based on an executive-to-executive agreement that was never ratified by Iraq's parliament.
It was not governed by a detailed arrangement like the 2008 Status of Forces Agreement that expired in 2011.
NATO's mission was separately established in late 2018 to train Iraqi troops.
Who is deployed, and where?
The bulk of the coalition is made up of 5,200 U.S. soldiers stationed at Iraqi bases, the largest of which is Ain al-Assad in the west.
More are based at Al-Balad and Taji north of Baghdad, as well as four bases in northern Iraq, near the U.S. embassy in Baghdad and in the Kurdish regional capital Arbil.
They are joined by about 400 British, 200 French, and 120 German forces, as well as dozens of other international troops.
There are also thousands of civilian contractors and support staff in Iraq for logistical operations.
Troop numbers have fluctuated recently as U.S. officials said they would deploy up to 4,000 more troops to the region in the wake of tensions with Iran.
At least 150 U.S. troops arrived in Baghdad last week to reinforce security at the U.S. embassy following an unprecedented attack by a pro-Iran mob, and hundreds more have been flown to Taji.